Dandruff is one of the most common scalp conditions, affecting almost 50% of the population worldwide at some point in their lives, as reported by Healthline.
While not a serious health issue, it can still be uncomfortable, irritating, and rather embarrassing. The good news? There are numerous ways to treat and even prevent dandruff – from over-the-counter (OTC) shampoos to natural remedies and changes in lifestyle.
This article will provide you with everything you need to know about dandruff and how to get rid of it.
What Is Dandruff?
Dandruff is a condition that causes flaky, itchy skin on the scalp. While people often think of it as a dry scalp issue, dandruff is usually caused by seborrheic dermatitis, an inflammatory skin condition.
Other causes include an overgrowth of the Malassezia yeast, skin sensitivity to hair products (contact dermatitis), eczema, psoriasis, or infrequent shampooing which allows skin cells and oils to accumulate. As Verywell Health points out, contrary to what many people think, dandruff has nothing to do with poor hygiene.
Symptoms of Dandruff
The main signs include:
- Presence of white or yellowish flakes on the scalp or shoulders
- Itchiness or discomfort on the scalp
- The presence of greasy or scaly patches on the scalp
- In severe cases, red, inflamed skin, or hair loss
According to Healthline, these symptoms may become worse during cold weather or when stressed.
How to Get Rid of Dandruff: Medicated Shampoos
The first thing you should do when you have dandruff is to use medicated anti-dandruff shampoos. The Mayo Clinic states that these shampoos are categorized based on the active ingredients they contain:
- Zinc Pyrithione (e.g., Head & Shoulders): It is antifungal and antibacterial.
- Ketoconazole (e.g., Nizoral): Works by killing fungus at the root.
- Coal Tar (e.g., Neutrogena T/Gel): Reduces skin cell turnover but can stain light hair and increase sun sensitivity.
- Salicylic Acid: Helps remove scale but can irritate the scalp.
- Selenium Sulfide: Fights fungus and slows skin shedding.
- Fluocinolone: Has corticosteroids to relieve inflammation and itching.
If one shampoo loses effectiveness, Mayo Clinic suggests alternating between a few types and following each bottle’s usage instructions carefully.
How Often Should You Use Dandruff Shampoo?
As reported by Healthline, the frequency depends on the hair type:
- Oily or fine hair: It is recommended to use dandruff shampoo daily or every other day.
- Coily, curly, or coarse hair: Once a week may be enough, as frequent washing can dry out the hair.
The American Academy of Dermatology also advises reading labels carefully, some shampoos need to be applied to the scalp for a longer period before rinsing for the best result.
Lifestyle & Home Remedies
In many cases, dandruff can be controlled through changes in daily activities. The Mayo Clinic lists several doable lifestyle changes:
- Manage Stress: Stress can reduce the immunity and make one prone to dandruff flare-ups.
- Eat a Nutrient-Rich Diet: Some foods that are rich in zinc, omega-3s, and B vitamins may be good for the scalp.
- Get Moderate Sun Exposure: UV rays may also be good for dandruff but do not overexpose yourself.
- Avoid Styling Products: Some gel and spray products can cause build up and make flakes worse.
Check out Mayo Clinic’s complete list of the lifestyle tips here.
Natural Remedies for Dandruff
Some people have a preference for a more natural approach. The scientific evidence for many of these remedies is weak, but they are worth a try:
- Tea Tree Oil
Healthline states that tea tree oil has antifungal action that can be directed against Malassezia. However, it can cause irritation of the skin, and for that reason, it is advised to dilute it in a carrier oil. - Coconut Oil
Research shows that coconut oil can improve the scalp microbiome and reduce inflammation, according to Healthline. - Aloe Vera
It is known for its soothing effects, and aloe vera can help to sooth the irritation and inflammation that is associated with dandruff. - Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV)
Although there is not much scientific evidence supporting the use of ACV for dandruff, some people claim that it helps to balance the pH of the scalp and prevent fungal growth. Dilute the vinegar and avoid applying it directly to the skin if you have sensitive skin. - Baking Soda
Acts as a gentle exfoliant. Massage it on the scalp and wash it after a few minutes. - Crushed Aspirin
It contains salicylic acid. You can crush two tablets and mix the powder with shampoo. - Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Probiotics
A lack of omega-3s may lead to a dry scalp while probiotics can enhance the immune system and prevent fungal diseases that cause dandruff (Healthline).
Why Dandruff Keeps Coming Back
As stated by Head & Shoulders, dandruff is a recurring condition. Many people cease using anti-dandruff products once the symptoms disappear only to have the flakes return. To keep from tossing and turning:
- Use anti-dandruff shampoo regularly, not just when you see symptoms appear.
- Pair shampoo with an anti-dandruff conditioner to lock in treatment benefits.
- Avoid switching between normal and anti-dandruff shampoos; stick to the latter for the best results.
Dandruff vs. Dry Scalp: Know the Difference
Both conditions may cause scaling; however, the cause is different:
- Dandruff: Often due to seborrheic dermatitis or fungal overgrowth. The flakes are likely to be oily and have a yellowish color.
- Dry Scalp: Caused by lack of moisture, which can be due to cold weather, or the use of harsh shampoos. The flakes are smaller and dry.
Verywell Health explains that using the wrong treatment can cause symptoms to worsen, so it is important to get the right diagnosis.
When to See a Doctor
Most cases of dandruff can be controlled with OTC shampoos and home care. However, if your symptoms persist for a few weeks, you should see a dermatologist. According to Healthline, you should seek medical attention if:
- You experience severe itching, redness, or swelling.
- Flaking spreads to your face or body.
- There’s bleeding or signs of infection.
- You suspect another skin condition like psoriasis or eczema.
Prescription treatments may include topical steroids, stronger antifungal treatments, or even oral medications for the most difficult cases.
Final Thoughts
Dandruff is a common problem, but it is one that does not have to be a life-long or unpleasant one.
From the medicated shampoos suggested by the Mayo Clinic to natural treatments like tea tree oil or probiotics, there are many choices. The key is to be consistent – use what is effective and do not stop the treatment just because the flakes are gone.
And remember: if nothing else has worked, you should ask a health professional. A scale-free scalp is possible; you just need the right game plan.
